This war will have a long-term adverse effect on African countries if it continues for much longer. Further, it will weaken the multilateral institutions that have maintained a semblance of global stability for a long time. It will also magnify social and economic risks for many years to come.

The Ukraine war has quickly transformed from a neighbourhood conflict to a broader geopolitical dimension, with severe implications for developing countries dependent on a stable international trading environment for their economic well-being. African countries fall under this category, and several of them have weak social and economic resilience. They are vulnerable to global supply chain disruptions, which we witnessed at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic.

History offers us some clues about the economic effects of war. The twentieth century was marked by horrors of violence, instability, economic failure, and famine for the world’s poorer regions. The Cold War era that lasted for four decades from the end of the second world war stunted the economic progress of many countries outside of North America, Western Europe and Japan – and to some extent, the Asian Tigers that benefited from the US economic largesse.

The last quarter of the twentieth century saw significant economic disruptions, from the abrupt and chaotic decoupling of the gold standard from the dollar during Richard Nixon’s administration in the early 1970s to the lost decade for African countries in the 1980s. The recession of the 1970s and the 1980s was marked by low growth, high inflation, and high levels of unemployment. It condemned many African countries to an abysmal state of underdevelopment.

In his work, The Age of Extremes, the Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm reminded us, ‘The last part of the century was a new era of decomposition, uncertainty and crisis – and indeed, for large parts of the world such as Africa, the former USSR and the formerly socialist parts of Europe, of catastrophe.’ History might repeat itself virulently as the crescendo of the war drums rises from a distant corner of Europe.

America has cast this war as the culmination of a conflict between techno-democracies versus techno-autocracies, painting both Russia and China with the same brush and castigating them as dangerous for the world. There is the failure of self-criticism in the West to reflect on the role of Western countries in furthering global instability, the defects of the existing global order, representational weaknesses in multilateral institutions, and the overweening projection of Western power in unattractive ways, which triggers backlash from non-western countries.

Before the Ukraine war, America was fixated on China; it painted China as a strategic rival. There is no doubt that Russia violated Ukraine’s territorial integrity. The West, however, has displayed a failure of leadership to create a bridgehead that would pave the way for a peaceful accommodation.

Under the Biden administration, America kept up the anti-Chinese rhetoric. It is just that Biden’s rhetoric is slightly more sophisticated than Trump’s messaging. The Trump administration placed over 20 Chinese companies on the entity list for exclusion in the US market. Many of these companies are high-tech, and others produce AI applications in heavy manufacturing. The status quo has remained intact, by and large.

For all of America’s talk about the need for the rising powers to assume greater responsibility in global leadership, the US has never been comfortable with a formidable competitor in the global system.

Russia represents a new battlefront for the US. Biden’s visceral hostility towards China has pushed the two countries to each other’s embrace. Even though China is not Russia’s natural ally, the dictum that the enemy of my enemy is my friend could be its pragmatic operative lens in navigating the friction between the Western powers and Russia.

The two countries share their deep mistrust of the US, their suspicion of its global hegemonic ambitions, and its selective use of liberalism to pursue narrow interests to sustain unipolarity. America has long demonized China as a strategic rivalry that must be contained in its region and whose global ambitions must be choked.

We now have two major economic and security powers on a collision course with America and, by implication, America’s allies in Europe and Indo-Pacific. America views these two countries as representing a threat to liberal democracy internationally and that their technological rise could eclipse America’s pre-eminence in the world. Biden’s administration sees the current stand-off between Western powers and Russia as a zero-sum game with no possibility of a face-saving way out.

With days passing, the cessation of hostilities and peaceful negotiations seem a remote possibility. The more the US builds military support for Ukraine and unveils fresh sanctions, Russia will become more recalcitrant. And the more intense the conflict becomes, the less wriggle room for diplomacy.

It is inconceivable that there could be global stability in the current backdrop of military tensions. The gradual decoupling of Europe-Russia energy interdependence will sustain the permanence of the tensions and render global stability tenuous. The revitalization of NATO and reinforcement of the European Union Security Architecture could reproduce the conditions of the Cold War, with more tensions and uncertainties on the horizon. 

Multilateral organizations will become weaker and indecisive as they become theatres of geopolitical tensions rather than avenues for deepening international cooperation and strengthening the system of global governance. International cooperation over finance, trade, and security will be hard to achieve in a climate of broken trust and simmering tensions between major powers.

The Ukraine war is already disrupting the financial markets, fragmenting supply chains, and increasing the price of food and commodities. Just like the crisis of the 1970s, the African continent will be the casualty. The war is already generating new economic shocks and risks. Increases in the price of energy, metals and food on the back of the Russia-Ukraine war are raising inflation concerns around the world and with profound food security implications for many African countries.  

The old challenges of sovereign debt risks will loom large for many African countries that no longer have much fiscal space to support their development programmes. There is also the risk that European countries will divert most of their aid to Ukraine, essentially tying them to their foreign policy interests, with Africa left behind.

Africa’s worsening conditions could spell the return of the lost decade of the 1980s that triggered famine, political instability, and governance failures. African leaders should think more seriously about strengthening Africa’s agency, which requires improvements in the governance architecture, enhancing the capabilities of the state, building social and economic resilience, and pursuing external relations on a pragmatic and diversified basis.

The world needs far-sighted leadership that can transcend narrow self-interest and consider the collective well-being of the global society. Global leaders must work harder to find diplomatic solutions to the current war, search for new bases for building trust, and shore up international cooperation. As world leaders attend to the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine, they should also do everything possible to prevent another terrible economic legacy for the African continent.